Afterwards the reason became known.Lord George Germain had dictated the order to cooperate with Burgoyne, but had hurried off to the country before it was ready for his signature and it had been mislaid.Howe seemed free to make his own plans and he longed to be master of the enemy's capital.In the end he decided to take Philadelphia--a task easy enough, as the event proved.At Howe's elbow was the traitorous American general, Charles Lee, whom he had recently captured, and Lee, as we know, told him that Maryland and Pennsylvania were at heart loyal to the King and panting to be free from the tyranny of the demagogue.Once firmly in the capital Howe believed that he would have secure control of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.He could achieve this and be back at New York in time to meet Burgoyne, perhaps at Albany.Then he would hold the colony of New York from Staten Island to the Canadian frontier.Howe found that he could send ships up the Hudson, and the American army had to stand on the banks almost helpless against the mobility of sea power.Washington's left wing rested on the Hudson and he held both banks but neither at Peekskill nor, as yet, farther up at West Point, could his forts prevent the passage of ships.It was a different matter for the British to advance on land.But the ships went up and down in the spring of 1777.It would be easy enough to help Burgoyne when the time should come.
It was summer before Howe was ready to move, and by that time he had received instructions that his first aim must be to cooperate with Burgoyne.First, however, he was resolved to have Philadelphia.Washington watched Howe in perplexity.A great fleet and a great army lay at New York.Why did they not move?
Washington knew perfectly well what he himself would have done in Howe's place.He would have attacked rapidly in April the weak American army and, after destroying or dispersing it, would have turned to meet Burgoyne coming southward from Canada.Howe did send a strong force into New Jersey.But he did not know how weak Washington really was, for that master of craft in war disseminated with great skill false information as to his own supposed overwhelming strength.Howe had been bitten once by advancing too far into New Jersey and was not going to take risks.He tried to entice Washington from the hills to attack in open country.He marched here and there in New Jersey and kept Washington alarmed and exhausted by counter marches, and always puzzled as to what the next move should be.Howe purposely let one of his secret messengers be taken bearing a despatch saying that the fleet was about to sail for Boston.All these things took time and the summer was slipping away.In the end Washington realized that Howe intended to make his move not by land but by sea.Could it be possible that he was not going to make aid to Burgoyne his chief purpose? Could it be that he would attack Boston? Washington hoped so for he knew the reception certain at Boston.Or was his goal Charleston? On the 23d of July, when the summer was more than half gone, Washington began to see more clearly.On that day Howe had embarked eighteen thousand men and the fleet put to sea from Staten Island.
Howe was doing what able officers with him, such as Cornwallis, Grey, and the German Knyphausen, appear to have been unanimous in thinking he should not do.He was misled not only by the desire to strike at the very center of the rebellion, but also by the assurance of the traitorous Lee that to take Philadelphia would be the effective signal to all the American Loyalists, the overwhelming majority of the people, as was believed, that sedition had failed.A tender parent, the King, was ready to have the colonies back in their former relation and to give them secure guarantees of future liberty.Any one who saw the fleet put out from New York Harbor must have been impressed with the might of Britain.No less than two hundred and twenty-nine ships set their sails and covered the sea for miles.When they had disappeared out of sight of the New Jersey shore their goal was still unknown.At sea they might turn in any direction.
Washington's uncertainty was partly relieved on the 30th of July when the fleet appeared at the entrance of Delaware Bay, with Philadelphia some hundred miles away across the bay and up the Delaware River.After hovering about the Cape for a day the fleet again put to sea, and Washington, who had marched his army so as to be near Philadelphia, thought the whole movement a feint and knew not where the fleet would next appear.He was preparing to march to New York to menace General Clinton, who had there seven thousand men able to help Burgoyne when he heard good news.On the 22d of August he knew that Howe had really gone southward and was in Chesapeake Bay.Boston was now certainly safe.On the 25th of August, after three stormy weeks at sea, Howe arrived at Elkton, at the head of Chesapeake Bay, and there landed his army.
It was Philadelphia fifty miles away that he intended to have.
Washington wrote gleefully "Now let all New England turn out and crush Burgoyne." Before the end of September he was writing that he was certain of complete disaster to Burgoyne.
