Not that I can look upon it as a serious work.As a statement of the problems that confront the earnest Christian it is ridiculous and antiquated.It is simply Arnold's LITERATURE AND DOGMA with the literature left out.It is as much behind the age as Paley's EVIDENCES,or Colenso's method of Biblical exegesis.Nor could anything be less impressive than the unfortunate hero gravely heralding a dawn that rose long ago,and so completely missing its true significance that he proposes to carry on the business of the old firm under the new name.On the other hand,it contains several clever caricatures,and a heap of delightful quotations,and Green's philosophy very pleasantly sugars the somewhat bitter pill of the author's fiction.I also cannot help expressing my surprise that you have said nothing about the two novelists whom you are always reading,Balzac and George Meredith.Surely they are realists,both of them?
VIVIAN.Ah!Meredith!Who can define him?His style is chaos illumined by flashes of lightning.As a writer he has mastered everything except language:as a novelist he can do everything,except tell a story:as an artist he is everything except articulate.Somebody in Shakespeare -Touchstone,I think -talks about a man who is always breaking his shins over his own wit,and it seems to me that this might serve as the basis for a criticism of Meredith's method.But whatever he is,he is not a realist.Or rather I would say that he is a child of realism who is not on speaking terms with his father.By deliberate choice he has made himself a romanticist.He has refused to bow the knee to Baal,and after all,even if the man's fine spirit did not revolt against the noisy assertions of realism,his style would be quite sufficient of itself to keep life at a respectful distance.By its means he has planted round his garden a hedge full of thorns,and red with wonderful roses.As for Balzac,he was a most remarkable combination of the artistic temperament with the scientific spirit.
The latter he bequeathed to his disciples.The former was entirely his own.The difference between such a book as M.Zola's L'ASSOMMOIR and Balzac's ILLUSIONS PERDUES is the difference between unimaginative realism and imaginative reality.'All Balzac's characters;'said Baudelaire,'are gifted with the same ardour of life that animated himself.All his fictions are as deeply coloured as dreams.Each mind is a weapon loaded to the muzzle with will.The very scullions have genius.'A steady course of Balzac reduces our living friends to shadows,and our acquaintances to the shadows of shades.His characters have a kind of fervent fiery-coloured existence.They dominate us,and defy scepticism.One of the greatest tragedies of my life is the death of Lucien de Rubempre.It is a grief from which I have never been able completely to rid myself.It haunts me in my moments of pleasure.I remember it when I laugh.But Balzac is no more a realist than Holbein was.He created life,he did not copy it.Iadmit,however,that he set far too high a value on modernity of form,and that,consequently,there is no book of his that,as an artistic masterpiece,can rank with SALAMMBO or ESMOND,or THECLOISTER AND THE HEARTH,or the VICOMTE DE BRAGELONNE.
CYRIL.Do you object to modernity of form,then?
VIVIAN.Yes.It is a huge price to pay for a very poor result.
Pure modernity of form is always somewhat vulgarising.It cannot help being so.The public imagine that,because they are interested in their immediate surroundings,Art should be interested in them also,and should take them as her subject-matter.But the mere fact that they are interested in these things makes them unsuitable subjects for Art.The only beautiful things,as somebody once said,are the things that do not concern us.As long as a thing is useful or necessary to us,or affects us in any way,either for pain or for pleasure,or appeals strongly to our sympathies,or is a vital part of the environment in which we live,it is outside the proper sphere of art.To art's subject-matter we should be more or less indifferent.We should,at any rate,have no preferences,no prejudices,no partisan feeling of any kind.It is exactly because Hecuba is nothing to us that her sorrows are such an admirable motive for a tragedy.I do not know anything in the whole history of literature sadder than the artistic career of Charles Reade.He wrote one beautiful book,THE CLOISTER AND THEHEARTH,a book as much above ROMOLA as ROMOLA is above DANIELDERONDA,and wasted the rest of his life in a foolish attempt to be modern,to draw public attention to the state of our convict prisons,and the management of our private lunatic asylums.
Charles Dickens was depressing enough in all conscience when he tried to arouse our sympathy for the victims of the poor-law administration;but Charles Reade,an artist,a scholar,a man with a true sense of beauty,raging and roaring over the abuses of contemporary life like a common pamphleteer or a sensational journalist,is really a sight for the angels to weep over.Believe me,my dear Cyril,modernity of form and modernity of subject-matter are entirely and absolutely wrong.We have mistaken the common livery of the age for the vesture of the Muses,and spend our days in the sordid streets and hideous suburbs of our vile cities when we should be out on the hillside with Apollo.
Certainly we are a degraded race,and have sold our birthright for a mess of facts.
CYRIL.There is something in what you say,and there is no doubt that whatever amusement we may find in reading a purely model novel,we have rarely any artistic pleasure in re-reading it.And this is perhaps the best rough test of what is literature and what is not.If one cannot enjoy reading a book over and over again,there is no use reading it at all.But what do you say about the return to Life and Nature?This is the panacea that is always being recommended to us.
