Despite this strong central power, which in reality was not strong, the republicans, and above all the Socialists, continued to agitate.One of the most influential, Louis Blanc, claimed that it was the duty of the Government to procure work for every citizen.The Catholic party, led by Lacordaire and Montalembert, united with the Socialists--as to-day in Belgium--to oppose the Government.
A campaign in favour of electoral reform ended in 1848 in a fresh riot, which unexpectedly overthrew Louis-Philippe.
His fall was far less justifiable than that of Charles X.There was little with which he could be reproached.Doubtless he was suspicious of universal suffrage, but the French Revolution had more than once been quite suspicious of it.Louis-Philippe not being, like the Directory, an absolute ruler, could not, as the latter had done, annul unfavourable elections.
A provisional Government was installed in the Hotel de Ville, to replace the fallen monarchy.It proclaimed the Republic, established universal suffrage, and decreed that the people should proceed to the election of a National Assembly of nine hundred members.
From the first days of its existence the new Government found itself the victim of socialistic manoeuvres and riots.
The psychological phenomena observed during the first Revolution were now to be witnessed again.Clubs were formed, whose leaders sent the people from time to time against the Assembly, for reasons which were generally quite devoid of common sense--for example, to force the Government to support an insurrection in Poland, &c.
In the hope of satisfying the Socialists, every day more noisy and exigent, the Assembly organised national workshops, in which the workers were occupied in various forms of labour.In these 100,000 men cost the State more than L40,000 weekly.Their claim to receive pay without working for it forced the Assembly to close the workshops.
This measure was the origin of a formidable insurrection, 50,000workers revolting.The Assembly, terrified, confided all the executive powers to General Cavaignac.There was a four-days battle with the insurgents, during which three generals and the Archbishop of Paris were killed; 3,000 prisoners were deported by the Assembly to Algeria, and revolutionary Socialism was annihilated for a space of fifty years.
These events brought Government stock down from 116 to 50 francs.
Business was at a standstill.The peasants, who thought themselves threatened by the Socialists, and the bourgeois, whose taxes the Assembly had increased by half, turned against the Republic, and when Louis-Napoleon promised to re-establish order he found himself welcomed with enthusiasm.A candidate for the position of President of the Republic, who according to the new Constitution must be elected by the whole body of citizens, he was chosen by 5,500,000 votes.
Very soon at odds with the Chamber, the prince decided on a coup d'etat.The Assembly was dissolved; 30,000 persons were arrested, 10,000 deported, and a hundred deputies were exiled.
This coup d'etat, although summary, was very favourably received, for when submitted to a plebiscite it received 7,500,000 votes out of 8,000,000.
